Thomas Hooker Founder of Connecticut

Thomas Hooker  (July 5, 1586 – July 7, 1647) founded the Connecticut Colony after a disagreement with the church leadership in Massachusetts. He was key in the development of the new colony including inspiring the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. He argued for a wider number of individuals being given the right to vote. In addition, he believed in freedom of religion for those who believed in the Christian faith. Finally, his descendants included many individuals who played key roles in the development of Connecticut.   Early Life Thomas Hooker was born in Leicestershire England, most probably in either Marefield  or  Birstall,  He attended school at Market Bosworth before entering Queen’s College at Cambridge in 1604. He earned his Bachelor’s degree before moving to Emmanuel College where he earned his Master’s. It was at university that Hooker converted to the Puritan faith.   Immigrated to Massachusetts Bay Colony From college, Hooker became a preacher. He was known for his speaking abilities along with his ability to help his parishioners. He eventually moved to St Mary’s, Chelmsford as a preacher in 1626. However, he soon retired after being suppressed as a leader of Puritan sympathizers. When he was called to court to defend himself, he fled to the Netherlands. Many Puritans were following this path, as they were able to freely practice their religion there. From there, he decided to immigrate to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, arriving aboard the ship called the Griffin on September 3, 1633. This ship would carry Anne Hutchinson to the New World a year later. Hooker settled in Newtown, Massachusetts. This would later be renamed as Cambridge. He was appointed as pastor of â€Å"The Church of Christ at Cambridge,† becoming the first minister of the town. Founding Connecticut Hooker soon found himself at odds with another pastor named John Cotton because, in order to vote in the colony, a man had to be examined for their religious beliefs. This effectively suppressed Puritans from voting if their beliefs were in opposition to the majority religion. Therefore, in 1636, Hooker and Reverend Samuel Stone led a group of settlers to form Hartford in the soon to be formed Connecticut Colony. The Massachusetts General Court had granted them the right to set up three towns: Windsor, Wethersfield, and Hartford. The title of the colony was actually named after the Connecticut River, a name that came from the Algonquian language meaning long, tidal river.    Fundamental Orders of Connecticut In May 1638, a General Court met to write a written constitution. Hooker was politically active at this time and preached a sermon that basically espoused the idea of the Social Contract, stating that authority was only granted with the people’s consent. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were ratified on January 14, 1639. This would be the first written constitution in America and a foundation for future founding documents including the US Constitution.   The document included greater voting rights for individuals. It also included oaths of office which the governor and magistrates were required to take. Both of these oaths included lines that said they would agree to â€Å"†¦promote the public good and peace of the same, according to the best of my skill; as also will maintain all lawful privileges of this Commonwealth: as also that all wholesome laws that are or shall be made by lawful authority here established, be duly executed; and will further the execution o f Justice according to the rule of Gods word†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The text has been updated to use modern spelling.) While it the individuals involved in the creation of the Fundamental Orders are unknown and no notes were taken during the proceedings, it is felt that Hooker was a key mover in the creation of this document. In 1662, King Charles II signed a Royal Charter combining the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies which basically agreed to the Orders as the political system to be adopted by the colony. Family Life When Thomas Hooker arrived in America, he was already married to his second wife named Suzanne. No records have been found concerning the name of his first wife. They had a son named Samuel. He was born in America, most probably in Cambridge. It is recorded that he graduated in 1653 from Harvard. He became a minister and well known in Farmington, Connecticut. He had many children including John and James, both of whom served as Speaker of the Connecticut Assembly. Samuel’s granddaughter, Sarah Pierpont would go on to marry Reverend Jonathan Edwards  of Great Awakening fame. One of the Thomas’ descendants through his son would be American financier J. P. Morgan. Thomas and Suzanne also had a daughter named Mary. She would marry Reverend Roger Newton who founded Farmington, Connecticut before moving on to be a preacher in Milford. Death and Significance Hooker died at the age of 61 in 1647 in Connecticut. It is unknown his exact burial place though he is believed to be buried in Hartford. He was quite significant as a figure in America’s past. First, he was a strong proponent of not requiring religious tests to allow for voting rights. In fact, he argued for religious tolerance, at least towards those of the Christian faith. He was also a strong proponent of the ideas behind the social contract and the belief that the people formed the government and it must answer to them. In terms of his religious beliefs, he did not necessarily believe that God’s grace was free. Instead, he felt that individuals had to earn it through avoiding sin. In this way, he argued, individuals prepared themselves for heaven. He was a well-known speaker who wrote a number of books on theological subjects. These included The Covenant of Grace Opened, The Poor Doubting Christian Drawn to Christ in 1629, and A Survey Of The Summe Of Church-Discipline: Wherein The Way Of The Churches Of New England Is Warranted Out Of The Word in 1648. Interestingly, for someone so influential and well-known, no surviving portraits are known to exist.

Schizophrenia Is Defined By The Five Domains Delusions,...

Schizophrenia is defined by the five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, abnormal motor behavior and negative symptoms according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V. Delusions have a set of beliefs but are more commonly known for lack of control over the mind or body movements. Hallucinations are perception like experiences that occur without an external stimulus and without voluntary control. In other words, hallucinations do not have to have an outside stimulus for the mind and body to act to something. Auditory hallucinations, the most common in schizophrenia, occur in an individual’s own thoughts as known or unknown voices. Disorganized thinking refers to the individual’s speech. Individual’s that have though disorders usually switch from one topic to another, and answers questions unrelated to the topic. Disorganized thinking may appear in the beginning or in the middle of schizophrenia and remain throughou t. Schizophrenic individuals that have a hard time achieving daily activities have abnormal behavior. Also individuals may express catatonic behavior showing negativity to the environment. Negative symptoms account for half of schizophrenia and are more prominent in schizophrenia than any other disorder. It includes having diminished emotional expression and avolition along with alogia, asocialtiy, and anhedonia. These symptoms range from having facial expressions, speech and movements. Further, decrease inShow MoreRelatedChildhood Onset Schizophrenia And Its Effects1376 Words   |  6 Pagesdevastating, and incurable mental disorders is one that is plagued by severely abnormal functions, disturbed behaviors and the likelihood to seriously diminish nearly all functionality of life—this disorder is known as schizophrenia. While extremely rare, schizophrenia can develop in childhood, sometimes as young as two to four years. This is referred to as childhood-onset schizophreni a (COS). â€Å"Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a severe form of psychotic disorder that occurs at age 12 years or youngerRead MoreIn Recent Years, Violence Has Been Increasing And Causing1206 Words   |  5 Pagesare used by those with serious mental illness, they not only suppress delusions and help restore emotional order, they may also reduce the risk to act out in violence in the communities in which they live. If people with psychotic mental disorders were more informed and aware of these medications, then they and the communities around them would be less at risk for violence. For example, a recent study of people with schizophrenia and other related psychoses, estimated that â€Å"the risk of perpetratingRead MoreAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 Pages3 CHAPTER Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior CHAPTER OUTLINE HOW ARE ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS METHODS OF ASSESSMENT 80–99 CLASSIFIED? 70–77 The Clinical Interview The DSM and Models of Abnormal Behavior Computerized Interviews Psychological Tests STANDARDS OF ASSESSMENT 77–80 Neuropsychological Assessment Reliability Behavioral Assessment Validity Cognitive Assessment Physiological Measurement SOCIOCULTURAL AND ETHNIC FACTORS IN ASSESSMENT 99–100 SUMMING UP 100–101 TRead MorePsy 410 Week 2 and 3 Matrix of Disorders7746 Words   |  31 PagesAnxiety, Mood, and Dissociative Disorder Matrix Abnormal Psychology Disorders | DSM-IV-TR Criteria | Examination of Classifications and Symptoms | A. Anxiety Disorders: | | | 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about two (or more) domains of activities or events (for example, domains like family, health, finances, and school/work difficulties)B. The excessive anxiety and worry occur on more days than not for three months or more

Handling a Municipal Waste in Edinburgh City Council

Question: In a hypothetical situation Edinburgh City Council is considering investing in new waste disposal facilities. Discuss the relative merits of disposing of Municipal Solid Waste via Engineered Landfill and Incineration in the Edinburgh area? Answer: Introduction Agamuthu and Narayanan (2013) argued that Municipal Solid Waste including residential as well as commercial waste generated the solid or semi solid form without hazardous waste of industrials. However, Municipal Solid Waste treated the bio-medical waste in one area. This particular study focus on examine the activities of Municipal Solid Waste disposal via engineered landfill and incineration technologies. Apart from that, this study considers the technological, environmental and political factors of recycling and energy from waste. 1. Discussion of relative merits of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal via Incineration and Engineered Landfill in Edinburgh City 1.1 Institutional Framework of Edinburgh City Figure 1: Community Chart of Edinburgh City of Municipal Solid Waste (Source: Thomanetz, 2012, pp- 411) 1.2 Types of Disposal Figure 2: Types of disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (Source: Stanic-Maruna and Fellner, 2012, pp- 831) 1.3 Engineered Landfill Gases Landfill: In order to landfill the gases and Leachates, the local government of Edinburgh city uses different types of technologies such as micro turbines, gas turbines, internal combustion of engine, external combustion engine, etc (Pariatamby and Tanaka, 2014). Therefore, the CHP applications of LFG energy need to create within the Edinburgh City. The several technologies that has wide range of advantages in order to landfill the gas within the region of Edinburgh such as Boiler: This technology helps in utilizing the maximum amount of gas flow when it recovered. Apart from that, Boiler also allows in removing the limited condensate and treats the rest of solid waste with filtration. Infrared Heater: It is one of the easiest technologies that install quickly and manages the Municipal Solid Waste (Burnley, 2014). The control process of this technology is simple and also the construct time is much shorter rather than other technologies. However, the expense rate of Infrared Heater is low rather than other technologies. Gas Turbine: This technology is most popular in municipal solid waste management because this efficient technology increase heats during recover the solid waste products. Bio Metric production: This is also a simple technology n handling and also the construction is easy. Majority of government in the world uses this system in order to manage their solid waste materials. Sanitary Landfill: According to Grilli et al. (2012), for sanitary landfill in the community of Edinburgh, need to add lining materials. It helps in bringing the site to reduce leakage of leachtes from the core of the site. The following diagram shows the technologies that have to use by the local government of Edinburgh City in order to manage the solid sate of their municipal. The used technologies allows in preventing the contamination of drinking water via the groundwater monitoring. Figure 3: Technology for Sanitary Landfill (Source: ) 1.4 Incineration Grate Technologies: This techniques allows in developing combustion system for the Municipal Solid Waste in the Edinburgh City. Through the combustion chamber, this technology slowly propelled with the use of accurate mechanical grate. In the furnace of Edinburgh City, it continuously enters and discharges the materials such as ash. However, Guerrero et al. (2013) suggested that this technology complete the combustion of the feed via optimizing the waste combustion. In order to manage the Municipal Solid Waste, this technology has three other sub categories such as the roller grate, stepped inclined grate and inclined counter rotating grates. Fluidised Bed (FB): The FB technique involves in pre-sorting of Municipal Solid Waste in order to remove the inert objects and heavy objects such as processing in the furnace, metals, plastics, etc. The two main sub categories of fluidised bed combustion such as Bubbling FB and Circulating FB are most effective technology for removing Municipal Solid Waste. Bubbling FB helping in mobilizing the bed and make the good contacts with the waste materials. On the other hand, Circulating FB carried out the combustion of chamber through use of flue gas (Tonini and Astrup, 2012). Thus, this technology carried out the practical and higher airflow of combustion chamber. Rotary Kiln: Hamidul Bari et al. (2012) presumed that the technology of rotary kiln has wide range of applications. On the other hand, MacRae (2011) argued that Rotary Kiln is the complete package of rotation vessels. In order to incinerate for Municipal Solid Waste, there are two major technologies are available of rotary kiln such as separate secondary combustion chamber and consisting of kiln. In the feed of entry point of municipal solid waste, rotary kiln creates primary chamber. Thus, this technology moves the waste with a tumbling action through the kiln. Thus, it exposed the waste to oxygen and heat. 2. Recycling Technical Factor: In order to recycling the Municipal Solid Waste in the Edinburgh City Council, need to use the collection technologies like buy back centres, drop off centres, etc; sorting technologies like single stream recycling; disassembly technologies, materials technologies such as alloys, joints, glues, composites, etc; end use technologies, EFW technologies like competitions, etc. Environmental Factor: For recycling the Municipal Solid Waste, Edinburgh City Council has to reserve oil or peak oil and require to landfill availability. Both this environmental factor helps in recycling the solid waste within the region of Edinburgh City. Apart from that, exploitation affects such as mining damage to ecosystems that also allows in mitigating problems in recycling (Epa.gov, 2015). Moreover, during recycling, climate changes is the big issue because due to rises of temperature or decrease of temperature of the external climate has potential impacts on recycling. Moreover, Marshall and Farahbakhsh (2013) cited that virgin materials and carbon balance recyclate is also one of the key environmental factor for recycling. Political Factor: It has been often seen that government of the country control the overall process of recycling. Therefore, governmental will or the file of Local Political party may effect on the recycling process of Edinburgh City. Apart from that Landfill tax, carbon targets as well as landfill targets also major political issues in recycling. 3. Energy from Waste Technological Factor: The major technological factors that effect on the energy from waste within the Edinburgh City Council will be technology like operation, technical support, maintenance, etc; composition of waste such as quantity, characteristics, type, etc; existing practice such as transport, recycling process, collection, etc (Milke, 2008). Environmental Factor: Climate will be the key factors in developing the mechanism of energy from waste. External climate has major impact on these types of process generation within the country (Cdn.intechopen.com, 2015). Availability of virgin resources are also the important environmental factor in Energy from waste. Political Factor: Innovative approaches of country government such as nudge strategies will be affecting positively in the energy from waste process of Edinburgh City. Furthermore, incentives like waste to energy credits will also affect on this particular process for Edinburgh City Council. Conclusion This study discussed the technologies of landfill and incineration of Municipal Solid Waste disposal that may helps in conducting the process or mechanism of Solid Waste management in the region of Edinburgh City Council. Several technologies are described with the proper examples in this study that helps in understanding the advantages of engineered landfill and incineration in the process of Municipal Solid Waste Management. In the next part of this study, analysis discussed about the political, environmental and technological factors of Recycling and Energy from Waste within the region of Edinburgh City Council. After discussion of Municipal Solid Waste disposal, it has recommended to Edinburgh City Council for conducting effective Solid Waste Management process. These are as follows Reference List Agamuthu, P. and Narayanan, K. (2013). Persistent organic pollutants in solid waste management. Waste Management Research, 31(10), pp.967-968. Epa.gov, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/inforesources/pubs/training/mswlf05.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Cdn.intechopen.com, (2015). [online] Available at: https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/9679.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Burnley, S. (2014). Solid wastes management. Chichester: Wiley. Grilli, S., Giordano, A. and Spagni, A. (2012). Stabilisation of biodried municipal solid waste fine fraction in landfill bioreactor. Waste Management, 32(9), pp.1678-1684. Guerrero, L., Maas, G. and Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste Management, 33(1), pp.220-232. Hamidul Bari, Q., Mahbub Hassan, K. and Ehsanul Haque, M. (2012). Solid waste recycling in Rajshahi city of Bangladesh. Waste Management, 32(11), pp.2029-2036. MacRae, G. (2011). Solid waste management in tropical Asia: what can we learn from Bali?. Waste Management Research, 30(1), pp.72-79. Marshall, R. and Farahbakhsh, K. (2013). Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries. Waste Management, 33(4), pp.988-1003. Milke, M. (2008). The worlds great solid waste management libraries. Waste Management, 28(6), pp.937-938. Pariatamby, A. and Tanaka, M. (2014). Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Rogoff, M. (2014). Solid waste recycling and processing. Waltham, MA: William Andrew. Stanic-Maruna, I. and Fellner, J. (2012). Solid waste management in Croatia in response to the European Landfill Directive. Waste Management Research, 30(8), pp.825-838. Thomanetz, E. (2012). Solid recovered fuels in the cement industry with special respect to hazardous waste. Waste Management Research, 30(4), pp.404-412. Tonini, D. and Astrup, T. (2012). Erratum to Life-cycle assessment of a waste refinery process for enzymatic treatment of municipal solid waste [Waste Management 32/1 (2012), 165176]. Waste Management, 32(5), p.1054.

Rap War Essays - Tupac Shakur, African-American Culture,

Rap war Shots ring out in South Central Los Angeles. A man screams in horror. This man has been shot in a heated gang war. This is everyday life for gang members. Gang members are used to cold blooded murder and most attend at least 5 funerals a week. Similar situations occur in Harlem, New York and in other places around the country. Why is this happening? Many people think that rap music is making kids more violent. They think that rap music is just a glorification of violence. All rap music is doing is to show how horrible and inhuman life is in the ghettos across the country. This is what's really happening out there. It's not fake. Right now, there is a major conflict between West Coast and East Coast rappers. East and West are fighting in a vicious battle that leaves hundreds of poor, helpless people dead in the street. There's no reason for this to be going on. Back in the early '90's, when rap was beginning to become popular, the East/West war wasn't quite there yet but it was slowly becoming more and more obvious that there was a conflict between rappers. Part of the reason that the war started was that West Coast rap dominated and nobody questioned their supremecy. Ice Cube, Ice T, and Eazy E were the rappers of the moment. The war slowly worsened when East Coast rappers began to get more publicity. West Coast rappers were upset that they weren't 100% in the spotlight so they started to make fun of East rappers in their music proclaiming that East Coast rap was fake and couldn't top West Coast. Then, East Coast rappers fired back obscenities at West Coast rappers and it kept up like that until someone decided that the other coast had gone too far. In 1993, Sean Combs started Bad Boy Entertainment in New York and for the first time ever, East Coast sales surpassed West Coast rap sales. Suddenly, as if out of nowhere came the peak of the West/East feud. Smaller gangs in cities took the example of the "big playaz" and followed what they said. Before, local gangs killed for affiliation whether you were a Blood or a Crip. Now, gangs were killing for West and East. In some cities it was so bad that you could be killed for living on the wrong side of the neighborhood. The war went on for awhile and started getting worse. The big feud was West Coast Death Row Records against East Coast Bad Boy Entertainment. Their were some personal feuds though. West rapper Tupac Shakur had a personal problem with East rap mogul The Notorious B.I.G. They often rapped about each other and were very personal. In one song Tupac claimed to have slept with Biggie's wife and the Notorious B.I.G. retaliated in his music by saying "Stupid niggaz mess wit Big Poppa, motherfuckers get roasted if you fuck wit B.I.G. These words became extremely important later. Then, on September 7, 1996 West rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur was shot to death in a drive by shooting in Las Vegas. His murder remains unsolved and will probably never be solved. There were over 100 possible witnesses but only 1 agreed to testify. Many gang members believe that the police can't do anything so they refuse to cooperate. And, after the funeral the gang members settle the score themselves. And almost always it is bloody. Members of Tupac's entourage thought the only way to make things better was to kill an East rapper. And in my opinion, that's exactly what they did. On March 3, 1997 East rapper Christopher Wallace aka Notorious B.I.G. was shot to death. Sound familiar? It should because that's the same thing that happened to Tupac Shakur six months earlier. Both murders are unsolved so no one except the killers know why these senseless deaths happened. Sadly, life goes on and many people in the ghetto think there is only one answer to these problems: retaliation. Now in 1998, the feud is somewhat better. No Limit Records, which is the number one West label after Death Row Records CEO Suge Knight got nine years for probation violations is doing