Thomas Hooker Founder of Connecticut

Thomas Hooker  (July 5, 1586 – July 7, 1647) founded the Connecticut Colony after a disagreement with the church leadership in Massachusetts. He was key in the development of the new colony including inspiring the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. He argued for a wider number of individuals being given the right to vote. In addition, he believed in freedom of religion for those who believed in the Christian faith. Finally, his descendants included many individuals who played key roles in the development of Connecticut.   Early Life Thomas Hooker was born in Leicestershire England, most probably in either Marefield  or  Birstall,  He attended school at Market Bosworth before entering Queen’s College at Cambridge in 1604. He earned his Bachelor’s degree before moving to Emmanuel College where he earned his Master’s. It was at university that Hooker converted to the Puritan faith.   Immigrated to Massachusetts Bay Colony From college, Hooker became a preacher. He was known for his speaking abilities along with his ability to help his parishioners. He eventually moved to St Mary’s, Chelmsford as a preacher in 1626. However, he soon retired after being suppressed as a leader of Puritan sympathizers. When he was called to court to defend himself, he fled to the Netherlands. Many Puritans were following this path, as they were able to freely practice their religion there. From there, he decided to immigrate to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, arriving aboard the ship called the Griffin on September 3, 1633. This ship would carry Anne Hutchinson to the New World a year later. Hooker settled in Newtown, Massachusetts. This would later be renamed as Cambridge. He was appointed as pastor of â€Å"The Church of Christ at Cambridge,† becoming the first minister of the town. Founding Connecticut Hooker soon found himself at odds with another pastor named John Cotton because, in order to vote in the colony, a man had to be examined for their religious beliefs. This effectively suppressed Puritans from voting if their beliefs were in opposition to the majority religion. Therefore, in 1636, Hooker and Reverend Samuel Stone led a group of settlers to form Hartford in the soon to be formed Connecticut Colony. The Massachusetts General Court had granted them the right to set up three towns: Windsor, Wethersfield, and Hartford. The title of the colony was actually named after the Connecticut River, a name that came from the Algonquian language meaning long, tidal river.    Fundamental Orders of Connecticut In May 1638, a General Court met to write a written constitution. Hooker was politically active at this time and preached a sermon that basically espoused the idea of the Social Contract, stating that authority was only granted with the people’s consent. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were ratified on January 14, 1639. This would be the first written constitution in America and a foundation for future founding documents including the US Constitution.   The document included greater voting rights for individuals. It also included oaths of office which the governor and magistrates were required to take. Both of these oaths included lines that said they would agree to â€Å"†¦promote the public good and peace of the same, according to the best of my skill; as also will maintain all lawful privileges of this Commonwealth: as also that all wholesome laws that are or shall be made by lawful authority here established, be duly executed; and will further the execution o f Justice according to the rule of Gods word†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The text has been updated to use modern spelling.) While it the individuals involved in the creation of the Fundamental Orders are unknown and no notes were taken during the proceedings, it is felt that Hooker was a key mover in the creation of this document. In 1662, King Charles II signed a Royal Charter combining the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies which basically agreed to the Orders as the political system to be adopted by the colony. Family Life When Thomas Hooker arrived in America, he was already married to his second wife named Suzanne. No records have been found concerning the name of his first wife. They had a son named Samuel. He was born in America, most probably in Cambridge. It is recorded that he graduated in 1653 from Harvard. He became a minister and well known in Farmington, Connecticut. He had many children including John and James, both of whom served as Speaker of the Connecticut Assembly. Samuel’s granddaughter, Sarah Pierpont would go on to marry Reverend Jonathan Edwards  of Great Awakening fame. One of the Thomas’ descendants through his son would be American financier J. P. Morgan. Thomas and Suzanne also had a daughter named Mary. She would marry Reverend Roger Newton who founded Farmington, Connecticut before moving on to be a preacher in Milford. Death and Significance Hooker died at the age of 61 in 1647 in Connecticut. It is unknown his exact burial place though he is believed to be buried in Hartford. He was quite significant as a figure in America’s past. First, he was a strong proponent of not requiring religious tests to allow for voting rights. In fact, he argued for religious tolerance, at least towards those of the Christian faith. He was also a strong proponent of the ideas behind the social contract and the belief that the people formed the government and it must answer to them. In terms of his religious beliefs, he did not necessarily believe that God’s grace was free. Instead, he felt that individuals had to earn it through avoiding sin. In this way, he argued, individuals prepared themselves for heaven. He was a well-known speaker who wrote a number of books on theological subjects. These included The Covenant of Grace Opened, The Poor Doubting Christian Drawn to Christ in 1629, and A Survey Of The Summe Of Church-Discipline: Wherein The Way Of The Churches Of New England Is Warranted Out Of The Word in 1648. Interestingly, for someone so influential and well-known, no surviving portraits are known to exist.

Schizophrenia Is Defined By The Five Domains Delusions,...

Schizophrenia is defined by the five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, abnormal motor behavior and negative symptoms according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V. Delusions have a set of beliefs but are more commonly known for lack of control over the mind or body movements. Hallucinations are perception like experiences that occur without an external stimulus and without voluntary control. In other words, hallucinations do not have to have an outside stimulus for the mind and body to act to something. Auditory hallucinations, the most common in schizophrenia, occur in an individual’s own thoughts as known or unknown voices. Disorganized thinking refers to the individual’s speech. Individual’s that have though disorders usually switch from one topic to another, and answers questions unrelated to the topic. Disorganized thinking may appear in the beginning or in the middle of schizophrenia and remain throughou t. Schizophrenic individuals that have a hard time achieving daily activities have abnormal behavior. Also individuals may express catatonic behavior showing negativity to the environment. Negative symptoms account for half of schizophrenia and are more prominent in schizophrenia than any other disorder. It includes having diminished emotional expression and avolition along with alogia, asocialtiy, and anhedonia. These symptoms range from having facial expressions, speech and movements. Further, decrease inShow MoreRelatedChildhood Onset Schizophrenia And Its Effects1376 Words   |  6 Pagesdevastating, and incurable mental disorders is one that is plagued by severely abnormal functions, disturbed behaviors and the likelihood to seriously diminish nearly all functionality of life—this disorder is known as schizophrenia. While extremely rare, schizophrenia can develop in childhood, sometimes as young as two to four years. This is referred to as childhood-onset schizophreni a (COS). â€Å"Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a severe form of psychotic disorder that occurs at age 12 years or youngerRead MoreIn Recent Years, Violence Has Been Increasing And Causing1206 Words   |  5 Pagesare used by those with serious mental illness, they not only suppress delusions and help restore emotional order, they may also reduce the risk to act out in violence in the communities in which they live. If people with psychotic mental disorders were more informed and aware of these medications, then they and the communities around them would be less at risk for violence. For example, a recent study of people with schizophrenia and other related psychoses, estimated that â€Å"the risk of perpetratingRead MoreAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 Pages3 CHAPTER Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior CHAPTER OUTLINE HOW ARE ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS METHODS OF ASSESSMENT 80–99 CLASSIFIED? 70–77 The Clinical Interview The DSM and Models of Abnormal Behavior Computerized Interviews Psychological Tests STANDARDS OF ASSESSMENT 77–80 Neuropsychological Assessment Reliability Behavioral Assessment Validity Cognitive Assessment Physiological Measurement SOCIOCULTURAL AND ETHNIC FACTORS IN ASSESSMENT 99–100 SUMMING UP 100–101 TRead MorePsy 410 Week 2 and 3 Matrix of Disorders7746 Words   |  31 PagesAnxiety, Mood, and Dissociative Disorder Matrix Abnormal Psychology Disorders | DSM-IV-TR Criteria | Examination of Classifications and Symptoms | A. Anxiety Disorders: | | | 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about two (or more) domains of activities or events (for example, domains like family, health, finances, and school/work difficulties)B. The excessive anxiety and worry occur on more days than not for three months or more

Handling a Municipal Waste in Edinburgh City Council

Question: In a hypothetical situation Edinburgh City Council is considering investing in new waste disposal facilities. Discuss the relative merits of disposing of Municipal Solid Waste via Engineered Landfill and Incineration in the Edinburgh area? Answer: Introduction Agamuthu and Narayanan (2013) argued that Municipal Solid Waste including residential as well as commercial waste generated the solid or semi solid form without hazardous waste of industrials. However, Municipal Solid Waste treated the bio-medical waste in one area. This particular study focus on examine the activities of Municipal Solid Waste disposal via engineered landfill and incineration technologies. Apart from that, this study considers the technological, environmental and political factors of recycling and energy from waste. 1. Discussion of relative merits of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal via Incineration and Engineered Landfill in Edinburgh City 1.1 Institutional Framework of Edinburgh City Figure 1: Community Chart of Edinburgh City of Municipal Solid Waste (Source: Thomanetz, 2012, pp- 411) 1.2 Types of Disposal Figure 2: Types of disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (Source: Stanic-Maruna and Fellner, 2012, pp- 831) 1.3 Engineered Landfill Gases Landfill: In order to landfill the gases and Leachates, the local government of Edinburgh city uses different types of technologies such as micro turbines, gas turbines, internal combustion of engine, external combustion engine, etc (Pariatamby and Tanaka, 2014). Therefore, the CHP applications of LFG energy need to create within the Edinburgh City. The several technologies that has wide range of advantages in order to landfill the gas within the region of Edinburgh such as Boiler: This technology helps in utilizing the maximum amount of gas flow when it recovered. Apart from that, Boiler also allows in removing the limited condensate and treats the rest of solid waste with filtration. Infrared Heater: It is one of the easiest technologies that install quickly and manages the Municipal Solid Waste (Burnley, 2014). The control process of this technology is simple and also the construct time is much shorter rather than other technologies. However, the expense rate of Infrared Heater is low rather than other technologies. Gas Turbine: This technology is most popular in municipal solid waste management because this efficient technology increase heats during recover the solid waste products. Bio Metric production: This is also a simple technology n handling and also the construction is easy. Majority of government in the world uses this system in order to manage their solid waste materials. Sanitary Landfill: According to Grilli et al. (2012), for sanitary landfill in the community of Edinburgh, need to add lining materials. It helps in bringing the site to reduce leakage of leachtes from the core of the site. The following diagram shows the technologies that have to use by the local government of Edinburgh City in order to manage the solid sate of their municipal. The used technologies allows in preventing the contamination of drinking water via the groundwater monitoring. Figure 3: Technology for Sanitary Landfill (Source: ) 1.4 Incineration Grate Technologies: This techniques allows in developing combustion system for the Municipal Solid Waste in the Edinburgh City. Through the combustion chamber, this technology slowly propelled with the use of accurate mechanical grate. In the furnace of Edinburgh City, it continuously enters and discharges the materials such as ash. However, Guerrero et al. (2013) suggested that this technology complete the combustion of the feed via optimizing the waste combustion. In order to manage the Municipal Solid Waste, this technology has three other sub categories such as the roller grate, stepped inclined grate and inclined counter rotating grates. Fluidised Bed (FB): The FB technique involves in pre-sorting of Municipal Solid Waste in order to remove the inert objects and heavy objects such as processing in the furnace, metals, plastics, etc. The two main sub categories of fluidised bed combustion such as Bubbling FB and Circulating FB are most effective technology for removing Municipal Solid Waste. Bubbling FB helping in mobilizing the bed and make the good contacts with the waste materials. On the other hand, Circulating FB carried out the combustion of chamber through use of flue gas (Tonini and Astrup, 2012). Thus, this technology carried out the practical and higher airflow of combustion chamber. Rotary Kiln: Hamidul Bari et al. (2012) presumed that the technology of rotary kiln has wide range of applications. On the other hand, MacRae (2011) argued that Rotary Kiln is the complete package of rotation vessels. In order to incinerate for Municipal Solid Waste, there are two major technologies are available of rotary kiln such as separate secondary combustion chamber and consisting of kiln. In the feed of entry point of municipal solid waste, rotary kiln creates primary chamber. Thus, this technology moves the waste with a tumbling action through the kiln. Thus, it exposed the waste to oxygen and heat. 2. Recycling Technical Factor: In order to recycling the Municipal Solid Waste in the Edinburgh City Council, need to use the collection technologies like buy back centres, drop off centres, etc; sorting technologies like single stream recycling; disassembly technologies, materials technologies such as alloys, joints, glues, composites, etc; end use technologies, EFW technologies like competitions, etc. Environmental Factor: For recycling the Municipal Solid Waste, Edinburgh City Council has to reserve oil or peak oil and require to landfill availability. Both this environmental factor helps in recycling the solid waste within the region of Edinburgh City. Apart from that, exploitation affects such as mining damage to ecosystems that also allows in mitigating problems in recycling (Epa.gov, 2015). Moreover, during recycling, climate changes is the big issue because due to rises of temperature or decrease of temperature of the external climate has potential impacts on recycling. Moreover, Marshall and Farahbakhsh (2013) cited that virgin materials and carbon balance recyclate is also one of the key environmental factor for recycling. Political Factor: It has been often seen that government of the country control the overall process of recycling. Therefore, governmental will or the file of Local Political party may effect on the recycling process of Edinburgh City. Apart from that Landfill tax, carbon targets as well as landfill targets also major political issues in recycling. 3. Energy from Waste Technological Factor: The major technological factors that effect on the energy from waste within the Edinburgh City Council will be technology like operation, technical support, maintenance, etc; composition of waste such as quantity, characteristics, type, etc; existing practice such as transport, recycling process, collection, etc (Milke, 2008). Environmental Factor: Climate will be the key factors in developing the mechanism of energy from waste. External climate has major impact on these types of process generation within the country (Cdn.intechopen.com, 2015). Availability of virgin resources are also the important environmental factor in Energy from waste. Political Factor: Innovative approaches of country government such as nudge strategies will be affecting positively in the energy from waste process of Edinburgh City. Furthermore, incentives like waste to energy credits will also affect on this particular process for Edinburgh City Council. Conclusion This study discussed the technologies of landfill and incineration of Municipal Solid Waste disposal that may helps in conducting the process or mechanism of Solid Waste management in the region of Edinburgh City Council. Several technologies are described with the proper examples in this study that helps in understanding the advantages of engineered landfill and incineration in the process of Municipal Solid Waste Management. In the next part of this study, analysis discussed about the political, environmental and technological factors of Recycling and Energy from Waste within the region of Edinburgh City Council. After discussion of Municipal Solid Waste disposal, it has recommended to Edinburgh City Council for conducting effective Solid Waste Management process. These are as follows Reference List Agamuthu, P. and Narayanan, K. (2013). Persistent organic pollutants in solid waste management. Waste Management Research, 31(10), pp.967-968. Epa.gov, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/inforesources/pubs/training/mswlf05.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Cdn.intechopen.com, (2015). [online] Available at: https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/9679.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Burnley, S. (2014). Solid wastes management. Chichester: Wiley. Grilli, S., Giordano, A. and Spagni, A. (2012). Stabilisation of biodried municipal solid waste fine fraction in landfill bioreactor. Waste Management, 32(9), pp.1678-1684. Guerrero, L., Maas, G. and Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste Management, 33(1), pp.220-232. Hamidul Bari, Q., Mahbub Hassan, K. and Ehsanul Haque, M. (2012). Solid waste recycling in Rajshahi city of Bangladesh. Waste Management, 32(11), pp.2029-2036. MacRae, G. (2011). Solid waste management in tropical Asia: what can we learn from Bali?. Waste Management Research, 30(1), pp.72-79. Marshall, R. and Farahbakhsh, K. (2013). Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries. Waste Management, 33(4), pp.988-1003. Milke, M. (2008). The worlds great solid waste management libraries. Waste Management, 28(6), pp.937-938. Pariatamby, A. and Tanaka, M. (2014). Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Rogoff, M. (2014). Solid waste recycling and processing. Waltham, MA: William Andrew. Stanic-Maruna, I. and Fellner, J. (2012). Solid waste management in Croatia in response to the European Landfill Directive. Waste Management Research, 30(8), pp.825-838. Thomanetz, E. (2012). Solid recovered fuels in the cement industry with special respect to hazardous waste. Waste Management Research, 30(4), pp.404-412. Tonini, D. and Astrup, T. (2012). Erratum to Life-cycle assessment of a waste refinery process for enzymatic treatment of municipal solid waste [Waste Management 32/1 (2012), 165176]. Waste Management, 32(5), p.1054.

Rap War Essays - Tupac Shakur, African-American Culture,

Rap war Shots ring out in South Central Los Angeles. A man screams in horror. This man has been shot in a heated gang war. This is everyday life for gang members. Gang members are used to cold blooded murder and most attend at least 5 funerals a week. Similar situations occur in Harlem, New York and in other places around the country. Why is this happening? Many people think that rap music is making kids more violent. They think that rap music is just a glorification of violence. All rap music is doing is to show how horrible and inhuman life is in the ghettos across the country. This is what's really happening out there. It's not fake. Right now, there is a major conflict between West Coast and East Coast rappers. East and West are fighting in a vicious battle that leaves hundreds of poor, helpless people dead in the street. There's no reason for this to be going on. Back in the early '90's, when rap was beginning to become popular, the East/West war wasn't quite there yet but it was slowly becoming more and more obvious that there was a conflict between rappers. Part of the reason that the war started was that West Coast rap dominated and nobody questioned their supremecy. Ice Cube, Ice T, and Eazy E were the rappers of the moment. The war slowly worsened when East Coast rappers began to get more publicity. West Coast rappers were upset that they weren't 100% in the spotlight so they started to make fun of East rappers in their music proclaiming that East Coast rap was fake and couldn't top West Coast. Then, East Coast rappers fired back obscenities at West Coast rappers and it kept up like that until someone decided that the other coast had gone too far. In 1993, Sean Combs started Bad Boy Entertainment in New York and for the first time ever, East Coast sales surpassed West Coast rap sales. Suddenly, as if out of nowhere came the peak of the West/East feud. Smaller gangs in cities took the example of the "big playaz" and followed what they said. Before, local gangs killed for affiliation whether you were a Blood or a Crip. Now, gangs were killing for West and East. In some cities it was so bad that you could be killed for living on the wrong side of the neighborhood. The war went on for awhile and started getting worse. The big feud was West Coast Death Row Records against East Coast Bad Boy Entertainment. Their were some personal feuds though. West rapper Tupac Shakur had a personal problem with East rap mogul The Notorious B.I.G. They often rapped about each other and were very personal. In one song Tupac claimed to have slept with Biggie's wife and the Notorious B.I.G. retaliated in his music by saying "Stupid niggaz mess wit Big Poppa, motherfuckers get roasted if you fuck wit B.I.G. These words became extremely important later. Then, on September 7, 1996 West rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur was shot to death in a drive by shooting in Las Vegas. His murder remains unsolved and will probably never be solved. There were over 100 possible witnesses but only 1 agreed to testify. Many gang members believe that the police can't do anything so they refuse to cooperate. And, after the funeral the gang members settle the score themselves. And almost always it is bloody. Members of Tupac's entourage thought the only way to make things better was to kill an East rapper. And in my opinion, that's exactly what they did. On March 3, 1997 East rapper Christopher Wallace aka Notorious B.I.G. was shot to death. Sound familiar? It should because that's the same thing that happened to Tupac Shakur six months earlier. Both murders are unsolved so no one except the killers know why these senseless deaths happened. Sadly, life goes on and many people in the ghetto think there is only one answer to these problems: retaliation. Now in 1998, the feud is somewhat better. No Limit Records, which is the number one West label after Death Row Records CEO Suge Knight got nine years for probation violations is doing

Ibsen and Feminism free essay sample

This paper introduces and discusses feminism in two of Henrik Ibsens plays. A paper which introduces and discusses feminism in two Henrik Ibsen plays, Hedda Gabler, and A Dolls House. Specifically it shows the roles of the two main characters, Nora and Hedda, and their lifestyle situations to illustrate the problems with the female role (feminism) in the Victorian times between 1880-1890. No good Victorian woman would ever admit to hating a child so much, or hating another so much. The perfect wife was an active participant in the family, fulfilling a number of vital tasks, the firs of which was childbearing (Vicinus ix). She is the embodiment of evil in this third act, and the embodiment of everything that would shock and appall staid Victorian society. While her actions may be Ibsens commentary on the more than strict rules that governed women in Victorian times, her behavior is still so deviant that she cannot survive in the end. We will write a custom essay sample on Ibsen and Feminism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She is the opposite of everything that is right and good about the time, and she must not be allowed to survive, or the society around her would not be able to survive.

Essay Sample on Ethical Dilemma Based on Different Situations

Essay Sample on Ethical Dilemma Based on Different Situations Industrial-Organization Psychology There are a number of ethical issues found in situation 1. The conspicuous of the ethical dilemma is the mere fact that all individual members attending the coerced to do so by the human resource management of the pharmaceutical firm. It is apparent that they attended the three-day job searching seminar as the only avenue of getting their collecting their final paychecks. This act of coercion is highly unethical because all the affected individuals should be allowed to attend the seminar on their own volition. As a seminar leader, I would advise the department of Human Resource to separate the attendance of the seminar and the issues of the final paychecks. Every laid off staff should be entitled to get his/her paycheck s/her attended the seminar or not. Another significant ethical dilemma that I observe from the above scenario is issues of confidentiality. At the beginning of the seminar at the nearby hotel, the individuals were dispersed into small group workshops and they were guaranteed confidentiality. In sharp contrast, the confidentiality of the attendants were compromised following the presence of the representative from the HR yet the department was not supposed to be informed about the subject of discussion during the seminar. The biggest dilemma therefore remains whether to allow the HR representative who some to assess the progress of the seminar at the hotel or compromise the confidentiality of the attendants. In an attempt to find a solution to the issues of confidentiality, any form of discussion touching on the Human Resources at the workshop should be held in secluded private rooms of the hotel where the HR representative cannot access unless with the permission of the seminar leader. In addition, I will not disclose information about the group discussions as well as identity of attendants in the final report to the Human Resource Department. Situation 2 In the situation where professor offers extra credit to students who participate in his/her research studies but later tells students that non-participation will not negatively affects the students’ grade in that particular course, I strongly agree with the learners’ assessment of the dilemma that students may not see non-participation as an option. They must participate in the research so as to get maximum grade from the professor in the course. The professor’s claim that s/he will offer extra credit to students participating in the research yet at the same time maintains that non-participation in this research will not affect students’ final grade is very conflicting and it also made known his inward intent. Needless to say, the professor is in dire need of students’ participation in the research study and definitely students who participate in the studies will attract professor’s favor. The second statement that non-participation will not negatively affect the student’s grade is just but a clever way of hiding his ulterior intentions of favoring participating students over the non-participants. Based on the situation at hand, the students’ prediction that professor will favor those who participate in the research study is accurate. The professor is just trying not to coerce students into participating in the research because a practice similar to this would be highly unethical. In another count, the professor does not want to make his plans of favoring a section of students known but at the bottom line students participation in the research is a must if at all they want to get extra credit in the course.

Unit operation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit operation - Essay Example The feed plate is the 10th tray from the top of the column. The height of the column is 21m above ground level. The minimum number of trays are required at total reflux is 18. The column diameter in the enriching section is 1.005 m and the column diameter in the stripping section is 1.39 m. The below feed is bigger than above with an average column diameter. The biggest diameter was selected of 1.39 m as an estimation of the overall column diameter. The type of tray used in this distillation design was Sieve trays. It singly passes liquid flow across. The tray is 5 mm thick and spaced 0.45 m apart. Every tray contains 5888 active holes with diameter 5 mm in each at a hole pitch of 13.5 mm. The pressure drop across each tray is approximately 1.22 kPa, resulting to a total pressure drop down the column of 36.6 kPa. This is insignificant and the total column is considered to be operating at the atmospheric pressure. The saturated feed enters at 103ËšC while temperatures at the top and bottom of the column are 100.86ËšC and 117.48ËšC, respectively. The total condenser used is a double pipe heat exchanger with a duty of 2417.85 kW while a horizontal thermosyphon partial re-boiler with a duty of 1495.32 kW was chosen. The method used in designing the distillation column is the McCabe-Thiel Method and design method outlined in Coulson and Richardson. An assumption of constant molar overflow (CMO) is made in this design.However; it was not an accurate assumption to make as it results in a significant error in the calculations. A summary of the key findings of the design is as illustrated in the flow diagram on page 2. 6.2. The reflux calculations are limited by the equilibrium data and on the assumption of CMO. The optimum reflux ratio is selected in correspondence to the lowest operating cost of the column. Hence if either of these assumptions are incorrect or the true optimum reflux ratio deviates

The Concepts of Financial Intermediation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Concepts of Financial Intermediation - Essay Example A lot of these imperfections lead to particular types of transaction costs. These asymmetries can produce unfavourable selection, they can be temporary, generate moral exposure, and they can result a costly verification and enforcement. Based on studies, financial intermediaries emerge to at least partially overcome these costs. Leland and Pyle (32) interpreted financial intermediation as a coalition of sharing information. And intermediary coalitions according to Diamond (51) can achieve economies of scale. He also envisioned that financial intermediaries act on behalf of ultimate savers by effectively monitoring returns. According to Hart (1995), savers positively value the intermediations in terms of ultimate investments. On banker's behalf, according to Campbell and Kracaw (863-882) financial intermediations can create a constructive incentive result of short-term debt. The deposit finance can produce the right incentives for the management of the bank. A delicate financial structure needed to discipline the bank managers resulted illiquid assets (Diamond 393; Miller 21). In cases wherein the bank borrower preferred direct finance; financial intermediaries still act as a brokerage which was explained by Fama (39-58) as investment banks. In this, reputation is at stake and according to Campbell and Kracaw (885) in financing, the borrower's reputation as well as the financier is relevant. B. The transaction costs approach argument- This approach does not disagree with the statement of complete markets unlike the first approach mentioned. It is in accordance with a no convexities transaction process. The financial intermediaries in this approach work as alliances of borrowers who make use of economies of scale in the transaction process. According to many experts, the concept of transaction costs covers not only monetary transaction costs, but also searches, auditing and monitoring costs. In this instance, the function of the financial intermediaries is to convert particular financial claims into a so-called qualitative asset transformation. Ross (23-40) called it offering liquidity and diversified opportunities. The stipulation of liquidity is a key function for investors and savers and highly for corporate customers, in which the stipulation of diversification is being appreciated in institutional as well as personal financing. This liquidity should play a key role i n asset pricing theory (Oldfield and Santomero WP #95). With transaction costs the basis for the existence of financial intermediation is exogenous. C. Approach based on the regulation of money production - Regulation influences liquidity and solvency within the financial organization or market. It is argued that the capital of the bank affects its refinancing ability, bank safety, and ability to extract repayment from the borrowers (Diamond 414). Regulation as viewed on the basis of legality convenes as a vital factor in financial economy. However, the actions of the intermediaries intrinsically need regulation. The reason is that the banks specifically, are intrinsically illiquid and

Dell's Value Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dell's Value Chain - Essay Example It has allowed its suppliers to view their orders and the current of inventory at the company. This allows for planning and providing components that are only needed. Besides, the strategy helps the company avoid excessive costs of market promotion. While it has remained a policy of reducing operational costs, this has enabled the company to establish to order model. Additionally, the company continues to expand its model through allowing consumers to seek queries and make purchases on the web platform. Although this comes with an additional transportation cost, it has over time proved relatively cheaper. In the current market where forces of demand and ever-changing customer specification, the company has shifted to internet sales and direct engagement of the prospective clients. Through virtual space, the company has continued to expand its sales and attract specific clients who value choice. Moreover, the company has expanded this chain through the creation of tracking system. The web pages have been customized. This allows bigger suppliers and larger customers to keep monitoring their purchases and make new orders. Notably, by investing in web pages and internet supply chain, it has created a unique customer base in addition to its traditional consumers. Blending to order supply chain help in reducing long chains that are often costly, inconvenient and ineffective. The web-based chain remains a critical-order supply chain. †¨ To measure process performance, three elements are of great importance. The priority is responsiveness to customer’s demands and changing the competitive environment. The company has improved its operations efficiency by customizing its web pages; this has allowed large businesses to view existing inventory and make orders based on informed point of view (Kumar & Craig, 2007). In addition, the company has adopted customer order tracking system that enables it to assemble its products upon

A Tale Of A Tub Analysis

A Tale Of A Tub Analysis Swift criticizes by employing the literary device called satire in which the author exposes folly or absurdity in the behavior of an authority or society. His works are skeptical and sarcastic as well as intelligent and enjoyable. Swifts writing and patriotism influenced British literature profoundly. With it he taught the reader to question injustice and societys conception of civilization. His works continue to impact British literature and the body of its readers to the present. The satire in A Tale of a Tub is historically novel for several reasons. First, Swift more or less invented prose parody. He explains that his work is, in several places, a parody, which is where he imitates the style of persons he wishes to expose. What is interesting is that the word parody had not been used for prose before, and the definition he offers is arguably a parody of John Dryden defining parody in the Discourse of Satire. Prior to Swift, parodies were imitations designed to bring mirth, but not primarily in the form of mockery.Additionally, Swifts satire is relatively unique in that he offers no resolutions. While he ridicules any number of foolish habits, he never offers the reader a positive set of values to embrace. While this type of satire became more common as people imitated Swift, later, Swift is quite unusual in offering the readers no way out. He does not persuade to any position, but he does persuade readers from an assortment of positions. This is one of the qualities that has made the Tale Swifts least-read major work. A Tale of a Tub is a mass of text seemingly thrown together with the purpose of deliberately confusing the reader, but its digressions upon digressions cannot mask the inevitable theme of loss, which is ultimately found in all of Swifts works. The satire holds the present against an ideal of past perfection, and the comparison always shows the modern to be lacking. The church adulterates religion; moderns, the ancients; critics, the author. The narrator of Swifts text seems to believe that the moment a great work or idea is put forth, it can be pure, but will always degrade with time. Because it is impossible to return to this former state, there is a heavy sense of disappointment that weighs down the more transparent wit and humor. The entire tale could be nothing more than a joke, which is aimed at not only the moderns and the church, but the audience as well. But no matter how many crude attacks Swift makes, the purpose of the story is not just to laugh at the expense of others, b ut to mourn the fall of an ideal that can never exist again. It is impossible to return to an original source in the Tale because it seems as if the narrator holds a model of a linear time-line in his head. As time passes, the distance between each passing moment and the originating point must increase, and any attempt to return to the beginning must fail. Just as it is impossible for someone living in the eighteenth century to return to the first, a man who is taught to be a modern can never think exactly like an ancient. Because of this view, the narrator can almost be seen as a modern-day phenomenologist. This philosophy asserts the impossibility of observing any object as it actually is, since the viewer is separated from the object and only has a representation of it inside the mind. Once disconnected with a source, all that can be known of it is derived from a limited, outside perspective that is warped by the distance between the observer and the object being studied. In short, the further people are separated from the classics or relig ion, the more skewed their view of them becomes. The main grievances of A Tale of a Tub is not only the fact that society is so separated from the origins of these subjects, but that it tries to earn the virtues they promise through a modern method rather than imitating the circumstances in which they were created. Phenomenologists believe that the closest a person can get to holding an accurate representation of anything is to extract the interpretations and personal ideas the viewer has added from the object itself. Swift writes this scathing satire in part to criticize those that do not even attempt this. Once the great classical ideas were presented, each year that followed further separated the circumstances of the reader from that of the author. By Swifts time, the gap between the cultures was so wide that the majority who wished to learn these ideas had to read translations, dissect each section into small parts and insert contemporary comments. But, rather than studying ancient texts from the modern perspective that is the very cause of the gap, it is much more beneficial to be immersed in the classics and to be separated as much as possible from the current. Because Swifts contemporaries failed to do this, the texts were corrupted through their attempt to apply them to succeeding societies. The structure, or more aptly, the deconstruction of the Tale is modelled after the shredding of historical texts by modern thought. The narrator is firmly on the side of the Ancients, and views any deviation from classical works to be degenerative. So the author repeatedly jumps from the allegory of the three brothers to commentaries on critics, digressions and madness to mock the method of his contemporaries. The digressions are just as important as the allegory because he considers them to constitute a major part of all that is wrong with learned society. As he sees it, we are wholly indebted to Systems and Abstracts, in which the Modern Fathers of Learning, like prudent Usurers, spent their Sweat for the Ease of Us their Children. For Labor is the Seed of Idleness, and it is the peculiar Happiness of our Noble Age to gather the Fruit (338). But rather than properly appreciating the gifts of these texts, the moderns reject the study of the Greek and Latin languages. They must then tear the texts apart to understand and benefit from the knowledge held within them, even if it does require compromising the original work. The narrators attitude towards critics follows along much of the same lines, since they too take away from the works they are studying to further their own ends. Hacks, who make up the bulk of this group, prefer to trash literature so they may appear intelligent and discerning. They ruin texts because they stray from the purpose they should be striving for: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is the frequent Error of those Men (otherwise very commendable for their Labors) to make Excursions beyond their Talent and their Office, by pretending to point out the Beauties and the Faults; which is no part of their Trade, which they always fail in, which the World never expected from them, nor gave them any thanks for endeavouring at (271-272). For the narrator, there is only one way to do anything, and that is to remain as close to the original intention as possible. The critics damage the works they analyse as the moderns do the ancients, because they use their own method rather than that which has been as signed for them. Subsequently, the critic is no longer a fair judge, but becomes a Discoverer and Collector of Writers Faults (313). Supposedly, the main subject of the Tale is the history of three primary branches of Christianity: Catholicism, as represented by Peter; the Church of England, represented by Martyn; and the Dissenters, as shown through Jack. The beginning of religion, seen through the father, is pure because it is simple. There is only one man and one doctrine, but this basic structure cannot last since corruption must always occur. The father dies, and there are now three who must uphold Gods will. Greater numbers create a greater opportunity for temptation, and the first to stray is Peter. The narrator then spends a significant portion of the allegory describing how the Catholic Church manipulates the Bible to satisfy its materialistic desires and assert its own authority, which is done in every way from hoarding wealth to worshipping tailors to cursing everyone to hell if they fail to believe it. It becomes intolerant of any opposing view and excommunicates the other two branches. No longer under their elder brothers influence, Martyn and Jack begin to reform. With the inherited coats symbolising religion and its decorations revealing the superficial state it has fallen into, the two brothers remove the shoulder knots, Indian figures and other unnecessary additions in order to restore their coats to the original condition. But Martyn realizes that removing all the stitching will tear the fabric, and lets some of it remain to ensure that nothing will be damaged. Jack, however, is overcome with zeal and rips his coat in his eagerness to purge all the impurities. The corruption of the church is a given because almost two thousands years have passed since the beginning of Christianity. What is important in this aspect of the Tale is that three courses of action are detailed which show not only incorrect choices, but also the correct one. The obvious, right choice is represented by Martyn, who follows the advice of the narrator and does his best to recreate the original integrity of the church that existed in the beginning. Even though this can not be exactly replicated, it at least attempts to come as close as possible. Peter does the same as all of the hack critics and follows his own designs with no regard to any damage he might cause. Jack makes the same mistake as the moderns and ruins that which he is wishes to preserve, all because he uses the wrong method. Whatever Reader desires to have a thorow Comprehension of an Authors Thoughts, cannot take a better Method, than by putting himself into the Circumstances and Postures of Life, that t he Writer was in, upon every important Passage as it flowd from his Pen; For this will introduce a Parity and strict Correspondence of Ideas between the Reader and the Author (286). Though this passage is written in a teasing manner like most of the satire, it is a firm belief held by the narrator. Whether it is reading the works of the ancients, the Bible, or a contemporary author, the most benefit and the least damage will be ensured by mimicking the situation in which a work was written. But theres a hopelessness that pervades the Tale, as if the narrator knows that perfection can be imitated, but only a few will bother to try and the result will only be a shadow of what existed before. Only a few words are written to describe the first years in which the church was true to Christianity, and the entire reformation in which Martyn makes his compromise is summed up in one paragraph. The rest of the allegory details each folly of the Catholics and Dissenters with great relish. Far more wit and energy is used and pleasure taken in condemning those that fall short of the ideal than those who struggle to recreate it. Swift dwells on the negative, offering little forgiveness for the sinners and faint praise for the reformers. Once the ideal is lost, all he finds worth commenting on are the faults. Because of the narrators pessimism, the best and the worst of mankind are intermixed, as if to show that humans have great potential, but being human also means that it can never be reached. And if the most sublime element of humans is based in the mind, particularly intelligent thought, then the worst is rooted in the physical, i.e., bodily functions. When the narrator makes such conclusions as the gift of BELCHING being the noblest Act of a Rational Creature, his combining of the highest and lowest aspects of mankind is a reflection of his disappointment that the two must exist together and thereby limit the rise into the intellectual (341). Because he dwells on the worst, not only does he remind the reader of the most base acts of humans, but he writes that it is the greatest we can expect to ever achieve. He implies that the physical is behind most all of our actions, including war: Having to no purpose used all peaceable Endeavours, the collected part of the Semen, raised and enflamed, became adust, converted to Choler, turned head upon the spinal Duct, and ascended to the Brain. The very same Principle that influences a Bully to break the Windows of a Whore, who has jilted him, naturally stirs up a Great Prince to raise mighty Armies, and dream of nothing but Sieges, Battles, and Victories (347). Because it is impossible to reach the intellectual greatness of the past, he concentrates on the worst of the body, as if that is all we can ever depend on and might as well be the reasoning behind all we do. The path that leads to intellectual achievement is very narrow and leaves no room for digression: Thus, Wit has its Walks and Purlieus, out of which it may not stray the breadth of an Hair, upon peril of being lost (286). And though a few do attempt to follow it, they can never reach the sublime state that once existed, and every day that passes only limits their potential even more. The narrator does try to guide his readers by making the correct path clear, but he has little expectation that they will heed his advice. He can only see the loss of once was, so he invariably focuses on mans inescapable decline into hopelessness. Even if he did desire to write in the manner of the great classics he admires rather than just criticizing others for not doing so, it would be pointless. As he sees it, anything he composes could never rival the historical texts because he is so separated from them. He has intensely studied their works and culture, but any attempt to imitate them must fall sh ort of the original. And if his talent cannot be used to add to the glory of the classics, then it might as well be used to condemn the moderns. If all writing is ultimately a corruption of that which preceded it, as the narrator seems to believe, then it is better to write of something that is despised rather than revered. At times the Tale appears to be nothing more than a prank, due to all of the digressions and unintelligible passages that are inserted. Swift states that he is giving his readers exactly what they want, because mankind receives much greater Advantage by being Diverted than Instructed, and happiness is a perpetual Possession of being well Deceived (327, 351). Swift views this as the exact problem that is ruining current learning, and puts it under the readers nose to frustrate them with the same method they are promoting. Conclusion One of the great themes that Swift explores in A Tale of a Tub is the madness of pride involved in believing ones own age to be supreme and the inferiority of derivative works. One of the attacks in the tale was on those who believe that being readers of works makes them the equals of the creators of works.

Example of cover letter for support worker Essay

Dear Sir/Madam, I am very glad to apply for vacancy with your organisation and I believe I have the skills and personal qualities for the stated job. My various work experiences involved working in different environment, situation and country. I have carry out my duties efficiently wherever I am attached. As a teacher in abroad, I get opportunity to learn different language, cultures, and environment and mix up with different ethnic group of people. Currently, I am working in a residential home as Support worker where my main duties includes assisting with personal and social care, facilitating activities, promoting positive behaviour, assisting with medication and hospital appointments, giving physical and emotional support where necessary and help people to live fulfilling life with high spirits. This has made me realise that I love any work, I would get more satisfaction and enjoyment from working. In addition to my growing knowledge of job, I can offer many skills gained from study, work and other activities, for example: Analysing complex numerical and verbal information; Working enthusiastically and productively under pressure; Good knowledge of English writing and speaking; Dealing professionally with a wide range of people; Working in a variety of teams, Ability to lead and develop team; Overcoming obstacles and negotiating for support I need; Planning and organisational skills; Understand & able to complete the DWOR; Flexible for any additional job, shift and different site. I assure to work hard to give my best with sincerity to satisfy your team, if I get opportunity. Hoping for positive consideration of my sincerely request. Thank you. Sincerely

Loneliness and Dreams in Mice of men Essay

John Steinbeck wrote the novel of Mice and Men during the great depression. During this time there were few jobs which meant people had to migrate in search of jobs. This meant they were constantly moving and could not establish lasting friendships or relationships. Steinbeck portrays the loneliness and hardship felt by people living through the 1930’s American depression. He shows how the dreams of the characters were what helped them survive through this period. In this essay I will discuss the dreams and loneliness of the characters in the novel and how Steinbeck reveals each characters loneliness and dreams. George and Lennie both experience loneliness. Even though they had each other George needed somebody on his wavelength, with his level of maturity because Lennie is like a child and does not think like an adult, he is mentally retarded. One almost gets the feeling that he doesn’t want Lennie for companionship at all when he is talking to Lennie about how he would live without him. † God a ‘mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy.† Page 11 As George carries on talking of his laid back carefree lifestyle he dreams of he progressively gets angrier. It makes the reader wonder why he even stays with Lennie if he feels so overwhelmed with the responsibility of looking out for Lennie. George is a thinker he sees how bitter other men on the ranch have become through their loneliness; George knows that staying with Lennie stops him from being truly lonely. He also has protection from Lennie because he knows he is safe when he has a big guy like Lennie as his friend. Looking out for Lennie gives him a purpose, a reason, a role in his life he gets the satisfaction of knowing he is needed. ‘George fell silent. He wanted to talk.’ Page 41 This quote is from when George talks to Slim. He is happy to have the chance to talk to someone on his level of maturity. As Slim is a good listener and tries to understand the relationship between George and Lennie. Lennie doesn’t really experiences loneliness although he needs to pet something, to hold something. He always has George to look after him sees George as a father figure. George instructs him on how to behave and what to do in certain situations. ‘Slowly, like a terrier who doesn’t want to bring a ball to its master, Lennie approached,’ page 9 This quote is taken from when George wants to take a dead mouse away from Lennie who doesn’t want to give it up. It reveals how George has an authority over Lennie. George and Lennie’s dream is to one day own some land. They wish to live on this land and be their own boss. George no longer wants to comply with somebody else’s rules. He wants to have a purpose in working hard on the land because then he will benefit from his hard work. Whereas when working on a ranch he is working hard for somebody else’s profits. Lennie is only interested in tending to the rabbits. He just wants to be able to pet some animals. His dream fits in with George’s it doesn’t matter if he owns the land or not. Curley’s wife’s name is never mentioned she is always referred to as Curley’s wife. Steinbeck never uses her name because the other men see her as belonging to Curley, just another possession of his on the ranch Curley’s wife is the only woman on the ranch, she married Curley recently and she is still quite young. She is lonely because she has no one to confide in. When she wants to talk to the men she uses the excuse she is looking for Curley. ‘Any you boys seen Curley?’ Pg81 This quote is from when Lennie, Candy and Crooks are in Crook’s room and Curley’s wife comes in. In this chapter we know she uses the excuse she is looking for Curley as a way to talk to the men on the ranch. We know this because, after the men tell her he hasn’t been there she says ‘Think I don’t know where they all went? Even Curley. I know where they all went. ‘ Page 81 She uses this excuse every time she wants to talk to the men but she has shown that she knew exactly where he was this time. She then calls them the weak ones the ‘bunch of bindle stiffs’ but even after that she wishes to talks to them. This is because she is desperate for some company anyone to talk to. She is seen to be a ‘tart’ and ‘jail bait’ by the other men on the ranch, but she still wants to have them for company. Curley’s wife also had dream, she still has, and when she was younger she wanted to be an actress. She says how she could have been famous, rich and happy. † I coulda made somethin’ of myself.’ She said darkly, â€Å"Maybe I will yet.† Pg 93 The fact that she still hopes to fulfil her dream is rather pathetic. Her dream is very unrealistic she will never break free from her unhappy marriage. She has this dream because it is a form of escapism, she can pretend that she is not lonely and that one-day she will not have to live the way she very much dislikes. † I tell you I ain’t used to livin’ like this.† Pg 93 She reveals her dreams to Lennie when he’s on his own she finds that the men only talk to her when they are on their own. Even when Lennie is on his own he is reluctant to talk to her because of what George has said about her. Crooks is a Negro in a society that considers non-whites as sub-human. He also is partially crippled which does not help when he is living in a society that value people by their ability to provide a service. Because of his race he does not sleep in the same room as the other workers, he lives in the room where he works in and ‘ a manure pile under the window.’ Because of this Crooks spends most of his time on his own leading to a great feeling of loneliness. His only companions are his books and as he has seen people come and go he has acquired more possessions than the others have. His loneliness is revealed when he is talking to Lennie. Lennie is talking to Crooks in his room, telling him about the land they will one day own. † A guy needs somebody-to be near him.† Pg 77 Crooks reads books but because of his colour he has no friend not even somebody on his wavelength. He is on his own every night whereas all the other men share their room in the bunkhouse. Crooks is so overcome with his loneliness that he cannot hope or dream anymore. He doesn’t take any notice of Lennie’s dream because he has heard it all before. â€Å"I seen hundreds of men come by on the road†¦ An’ every damn one of ’em’s got a little piece of land in his head. An’ never a god-damn one of ’em ever gets it. Pg 78 Although after he hears how this dream could become a reality Crooks is influenced and wants to join in. He later retracts his statement because of the way Curley’s wife treats him. † Well you keep your place, then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny.† Pg 85 She’s racist and through her body language she shows that she has the authority over him. This is why he no longer wanted to join in with the plan of owning land. Candy is lonely because he has nobody; he only had one companion, which was his dog that he had since the dog was a puppy. Candy was very upset when his dog had to be killed. His loneliness is revealed when Carlson proposes that the dog should be shot. † Why’n’t you shoot him, candy? The old man squirmed uncomfortably.† Pg 47 The thought of Candy’s only companion being shot fills him with dread. The thought is uncomfortable. He tries many times to reason with Carlson and find a way that he can put off the death of his dog. â€Å"Candy said hopefully, ‘you ain’t got a gun.† Pg 50 The only reason he lets his dog die is because he cannot argue with Carlson. Also Slim agreed with Carlson and Slim word is the law in this play, the voice of reason. Candy is so desperate for companionship that he keeps a blind dog that is in pain from dying in a way this is an act of selfishness. Candy listens attentively while George and Lennie are talking about their dream. He offers to buy the land they need to fulfil their dream. â€Å"S’spose I went in with you guys. Tha’s three hundred an’ fifty bucks I’d put in † Pg 62 Candy is very old, because of the great depression there is no job security and because of this he thinks he will be sacked soon. At this point the dream seems more real to them than it has ever been before. Before it was just a fantasy, some thing to find comfort in, but he could never actually let himself believe it. † They all sat still, all bemused by the beauty of the thing,† Pg 64 I think now their dream is more realistic but not realistic enough because George says if Lennie and he don’t spend anything they would have $450 but they are bound to spend something especially when George is interested in going to the cat house. Also the asking price is $600 it will take a lot longer for them to raise that amount of money. The great depression in America had its effect on many of the characters; money was hard to come by. Loneliness is a major theme in the novel Of Mice and Men because many of the characters suffer from this more than anything else. Loneliness kills Curley’s wife, embitters Crooks and candy although Lennie and George put it off through the fact that they have each other for companionship. â€Å"Guys like us, that work on the ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world’†¦. Lennie broke in. ‘But not us! Because †¦because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and that’s why’ Pg 14 Steinbeck doesn’t offer any answers to the character’s problem of loneliness. Showing the reader a graphic and moving portrayal of how loneliness affects people without providing an antidote or giving a happy ending makes the novel really sad. Lennie and George’s dream brought nothing but pain and grief instead of promised joy and happiness, which ties into the tittle of the book which was taken from a poem titled to a mouse by a Scottish poet called Robert Burns. This poem was about how a mouse, which had planned for the winter by making a nest, had its nest ruined by a tractor. George and Lennie planned carefully how they were going to achieve their dream of being free and independent but forces beyond their control shattered their dream. Steinbeck never suggests that dreams should not be had, Lennie and George’s dream was so powerful that Candy was drawn in and for a short time so was the cynical Crooks. This dream was what comforted Lennie and helped George survive. The dreams the characters had had to be had they were what was needed to hold on to, to survive and to work for. This period of time made people bitter because they were lonely, the only person they had to look out for was themselves, kindness had no place on the ranch. They all cried out for love and care but only Lennie openly expressed his need for it through his constant talk of rabbits. Characters like Crooks had become cynical, he had lost hope and he couldn’t dream. At first when Lennie talked of his dream Crooks thought it was another pathetic dream he was beyond imagining how everything could be. Curley’s wife’s dream was rather pathetic and quite unrealistic but it was a form of escapism for her. So she fantasised about her dream coming true but it was her way of coping when she was in an unhappy marriage that she had no way out of. It is sad to think that the loneliness that she was trying to get away from killed her in the end.

Biological and Psychological Explanations of Crime.

Biological and Psychological Explanations of Crime. Free Online Research Papers The purpose of this assignment is to examine the biological and psychological explanations of crime. It will primarily focus on Cesare Lombroso’s theory in that he believed that criminals could be determined and identified by their physical appearance and attributes. It will cover Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation and how childhood violence and trauma can affect a person’s behaviour and personality. It will further explain the strengths and weaknesses and how criminals are perceived in contemporary Britain today. Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist born in Venice, Italy in 1836. He went on to become a university professor who became renowned worldwide for his studies and theories. Lombroso worked in the field of Characterology, which meant he studied the difference between mental and physical characteristics. Lombroso was also a physician, psychiatrist and a coroner he worked at various mental institutions therefore allowing him the opportunity to examine people from all aspects of life, he knew that by doing so he would be able to collect the relevant information that was needed and which would be essential to base his research on (www.Britannica.com). Lombroso carried out investigations on the post mortem bodies of criminals, when opened up it went on to reveal that they were physically different from non criminals. He maintained that criminals have stigmata (signs) and that these stigmata’s consisted of abnormal dimensions of the skull and jaw, asymmetries in the face and other parts of the body, he even claimed that different criminals have different physical characteristics which he could distinguish (www.brocku.com). Lombroso argued that criminality is inherited, his theory was biological determinism which means that people don’t have any choice in which way they turn out. There is no free will involved the way they turn out is genetic so if the parents are criminal then they are more likely to be criminal. He believed that the born criminal could be identified by physiognomic defects as this confirmed a criminal as savage or atavistic (what he sees as a throwback to an earlier stage of evolution) (www.Newworldencyclopedia.org). He looked at defects such as a sloping brow, which symbolises low intellect he also suggested that a renowned jaw, symbolised strong passion. Lombroso believes that people bearing such defects behaved in a different way to the rest of society and have a low ability to show any kind of guilt or remorse. The weakness that was established in this theory found that these associations were later shown to be highly inconsistent or inexistent, and Lombroso had not used a control group therefore having nothing of any substantial nature to compare his results to. This became Lombroso’s biggest flaw in his research and theory. Due to this weakness the theories that were based on the environment causation of criminality that then became dominant meant that he believes the environment makes criminals and that then became his only theory. (www.Newworldencyclopedia.org) Lombroso’s theory proposed that criminality was innate, and this could be distinguished by their physical atavist stigmata, their physiognomic attributes or deformities. He believed the human race evolved, whereas those who are criminal or have the violent tendencies are the ones that devolve. So to Lombroso the criminal would have the attributes of high cheekbones, low sloping forehead, handle shaped ears, hard shifty eyes, scanty beard or baldness, insensitivity to pain. A weakness in Lombroso’s theory about physical appearances determining criminals cannot be a hundred percent accurate as people who have disfigurements to their face could be down to an accident they had in the early years of their life. (www.ezineartic.com) However, there is not sufficient psychological evidence to show that these behaviours were only applied to criminals this is seen as a weakness towards his theory, as not everybody who has an abnormality is a criminal. Victoria Wright was born with a rare genetic disorder called Cherubism, which causes an over growth of fibrous tissue in the face. Victoria is twenty nine years old and is currently studying law part time as she is planning to become a solicitor, and by becoming one she could represent people who have experienced discrimination. (www.nhs.uk) Charles Goring (1913) was Lombroso’s main critic he decided to take a much closer look at Lombroso’s conclusion, not only did he study a group of criminals he also looked at members of the military so he had something to compare against (Dwyer, D 2001). He wanted to see if they showed any differences in behaviour and he found no significant difference between them so this was a weakness against his theory. The only difference between Goring’s studies to Lombroso’s was that criminals were on average two inches shorter and between three and seven pounds lighter but poor diet could have been the main factor to that theory (www.trutv.com) Lombroso theory has a strength which reflects in contemporary society. When criminals are sentenced for crimes, the less attractive individual was more likely to be considered guilty fifty percent more than attractive people (www.Telegraph.co.uk). A study had been carried out between two black defendants one was attractive and the other was unattractive, who were both in court it had shown that they were more likely to be found guilty and giving longer sentences (www.newsvote.bbc.co.uk). This study supports this while Irrespective of the ethnicity of the juror; unattractive black dependents were ultimately giving the harshest sentences. Research has also found that woman jurors tend to treat attractive female suspects more ruthlessly than they would with the male suspects, as they think they are trying to capitalise on their looks, while men tend to give attractive woman the benefit of the doubt and receive more lenient sentences. However, it is positive findings that neither black nor white participants showed a prejudice towards their own ethnic group. . (www.Dailymail.co.uk) Having looked at Cesare Lombroso this essay will now move on to look at Bowlby’s theory on attachment. John Bowlby was born in London 1907 he was the fourth of six children. His parents were of upper class origin where it was custom for children to have a nanny or nursemaid. When he turned four the nanny left the effect on him was never known. At eleven his brother and himself was sent to a boarding school and when he reached seventeen he decided that navy life was not for him. He decided to follow his father’s footsteps by going into medicine and decided to do psychology in his final year. When Bowlby graduated he went on to teach in two boarding schools. One of them just catered for disturbed children, they had encountered an early disrupted childhood experience which Bowlby was fascinated with, that’s when he decided to combine his medical training with psychoanalytic training. (Psychology.Jrank.org) Bowlby was really interested towards the theory of maternal deprivation and was fascinated with what happens regarding separation. Maybe this interest festered from his own childhood experiences, it was through working with maladjusted children who repeatedly went out to thieve, that led him to publicise a book on the forty four juvenile thieves focussing on their characters and home life (Bowlby, J. 1946). While Bowlby was working he and a colleague started to notice how anxious children became when their parents did not visit them, it was also noted that when they had home visits the relationship between the child and their mother then became very disturbed for up to a few weeks after. (Burke Hopkins R 2005) After careful observation Bowlby started to identify different patterns of attachment, which enabled the theory and research into the consequences of security versus insecurity (www.nytimes.com). He firmly believes that mothers and their babies form an automatic attachment towards each other by using genetically inherited skills such as smiling, crying and facial expressions. (Hale, C. et-al 2005). â€Å"Mother love in infancy is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins are for physical health.† John Bowlby (1951) Bowlby is convinced that the bond with the mother would be irreversibly broken if a separation occurs within the first few years of the child’s life which could lead to severe emotional problems in later life, Holmes (2005) focused on early maternal deprivation and also found the results similar as being the cause of criminality (Williams, S, K 2008) For Bowlby maternal deprivation has the following consequences aggression, depression, delinquency, dependency anxiety (being clingy), intellectual retardation, affectionless psychopath and social maladjustment (Coleman, C. Norris, C 2000). .Things were a lot different in the 1900’s the norm would have been a husband, wife and 2.4 children. Mothers were expected to stay at home more while the husbands went out to work. Over time society has become a lot more diverse for example same sex couples are able to adopt children and there are far more single parents within society today and nowadays a majority of both parents go out to work (Croall, H.1998). This is seen as a weakness in Bowlby’s theory. A good strength for his theory however is that prisons now allocate mother and babies to stay together in special units so they can care for their babies up to the age of two, the government feel that this is the right thing to do as it gives the babies and mother the chance to bond (Hale, C. et-al 2005). The strength for Bowlby’s theory is based on the case study given below, where it does show some of the problems that has been discussed above. The case study of Robert Napper who murdered Rachel Nickell, revealed that the first ten years of Nappers life he and his siblings witnessed his mother become the victim of his father’s brutal violence. The children were so traumatised that they had to be placed in foster homes and undergo psychiatric treatment (Guardian.co.uk). He descended into black dark moods, had a behaviour disorder, suffered with serious mental illness and became a paranoid schizophrenic who suffered with Aspergers syndrome (Dailymail.co.uk). In school he did not have any friends and he was teased a lot, Robert was found to have had only average intelligence Robert Napper began to bully his brothers to an extreme degree even shooting one in the face with an air pistol. (www.telegraph.co.uk) Robert Napper deliberately went out and raped woman for a number of years before the level of his violence escalated to murder, he had a profound hatred of woman which was expressed in his violent attacks. Bowlby called this condition affectionate psychopathy meaning that the individual feels no remorse for their victims or guilt for the crime they have committed (Dwyer, D 2001). Whilst In the woods near his home Robert was raped, and perhaps it was significant as the woman he attacked was around the actual place where he was raped and that seemed to be the trigger for this brutal encounter, which would later be echoed by his crimes (Dailymail.co.uk) In conclusion to Lombroso’s and Bowlby’s studies new research is now showing that genetic and biological factors play an equal, if not greater, role than social factors in crime causation. The biological and genetic findings are now unquestionable the evidence is too strong to ignore this new breakthrough has new implications towards crime prevention. The next decade will reveal new discoveries regarding specific genes that cause violent behaviour. These findings could result in new drugs being used to correct the neurotransmitter brain abnormalities that cause violence. (www.news.bbc.co.uk). The theories that Lombroso and Bowlby concluded in what makes a criminal still stand in the 21st century. Having looked at the case study above it can give an insight into criminals looking and acting alike, although they may not have all the characteristics of Lombroso’s theory, they do have some of the attributes as Lombroso suggests. In society today it is thought that children who are not close to their mothers do tend to go out and commit crimes (Williams, S, K 2008). Research Papers on Biological and Psychological Explanations of Crime.Capital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicGenetic EngineeringThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office System

Communication Skills Essays

Communication Skills Essays Communication Skills Essay Communication Skills Essay Communication skills Communication skills are very vital for healthcare providers. In their practice, mangers in health provision centers deal with both professionals and nonprofessionals who may include patients and family of patients. Others encountered may be financiers to the health centers. These communication skills involve both verbal and nonverbal skills. Verbal skills involve the ability to express oneself in a language clearly understood by the audience while non-verbal skills is the ability to pass on a message without the use of words. This may be through body language, facial expressions and gestures. In their interaction with their fellow health providers, managers must have the ability to motivate the doctors and nurses to dedicate themselves to the work that they do as patients lives depend on the attitude of the health providers. These skills will enable the colleagues and workers under the particular manager to learn from each and create a learning environment for them. Some of the ethical issues solved by good communication skills are that by motivation of the employers they will be able to provide the best kind of services to the patients hence leading to mare saved lives, which will fill the ethical obligation of the employees and the manager. Communication leads to prevention of risky medical errors that occur when information fails to be passed to co-workers or due to miscommunication between employees having a disagreement. Such miscommunications could easily turn into a disaster for the patients. Financial implications that could arise from lack of proper communication by the manager could be withdrawal of financiers if they management does not put effort in their search of funds. Yet another financial problem would be the hospitals going into debt due to accrued hospital bills affecting its ability to deliver quality services. Legal implications would include the hospital being sued for negligence if a medical error occurs due to miscommunic ation.

Men of Honor Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Men of Honor - Movie Review Example Determined to become the Navy's first master diver, Brashear confronts Billy Sunday, a racist Navy diving instructor in the segregated south of the early 1950s. From the beginning of the film we see Brashear struggle with the elements and his race as he plows a field in the hot sun with his father. As a means to escape, Brashear joins the Navy with the hope of bettering his station in life. He confronts the chores of Navy kitchen duty while working to become a black Navy diver. Eventually given the opportunity to become a diver, he is confronted by the Navy instructors bent on proving him incapable. The ongoing torment from Billy Sunday and the Commander, played by Hal Holbrooke, can't hold Brashear down. He conquers every obstacle placed in front of him. After he becomes a diver, his career seems to be cut short when his leg is amputated after an accident on a Navy ship. Brashear again struggles to regain his strength and the fortitude to carry the weight of a Navy Scuba outfit. This time, Billy Sunday is his biggest supporter as we see Brashear overcome the final obstacle of a physical handicap. Though the film is based in racism, its inspiration comes from the need to overcome any hardship. Much of Brashear's torment came from a racist feeling in Sunday and his classmates, yet we see the struggle in terms of a fight against the elements and ourselves. There is a memorable scene where Sunday makes Brashear's diving test almost impossible to pass.

Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Exam - Assignment Example American system has two levels of government with equal powers but separate roles (federal system) while in British system parliament is the sole legislative body (Unitary system) (Rogerdarlington 1). Social contract theory is the concept that defines the existence of relationship between the government and the people as hinged on the agreement between the two whereby citizens obeys government rules in exchange for social protection and liberty (Dooley  & Patten, 79). Both Jon Locke and Rousseau views the hardships of the state of nature as the main cause of people’s submission to the authority and that no one has power to rule another person unless by social agreement. According to Locke, the state of nature provides humans with absolute liberty from any government laws and punishments but cannot do anything they wish since they are subject the commandments of God hence should not cause any harm to others. However, Rousseau perceives that the human liberty was corrupted over time and the only way to regain it is by reuniting politically and upholding democratic principles. Though both the US and France have presidential system of government they have some similarities and differences (Joseph, Kesselman  & Krieger 112). Both governments have executive, legislative and judicial branches. The US president is directly elected while the election France is by direct suffrage. The US is headed by president at the apex of power while in France the executive powers are shared between the president and Prime Minister (Joseph et al 112). Also, France president has special powers such as emergency powers, appointing civil and military officers without approval of legislature and powers to dissolve the national assembly while the US president has none of these powers. The concept of â€Å"Third Rome† was promulgated by monk Philotheus postulating Moscow as the third Rome because of its supremacy, God’s choice of the city to fulfill His mission and unity of the people.

Business Strategy Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Business Strategy Report - Essay Example rategic analysis is performed with the help of SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, financial ratios analysis, and also with the porter’s five forces of Competitive Advantage. The industry of the company is Shipping Industry, where it has a number of competitors, but the major competitor is UPS. The FedEx has weak financial position with respect to the UPS, and also it has much threats from its competitors, due to higher bargaining power of the buyers. The analysis shows a number of opportunities in other world’s market. The major threats are from competitors due to its higher prices and higher fixed costs. But it has invested much in capital, which has become the source of competitive advantage. According to the Porter’s generic strategies, the existing strategy of the company is differentiation, and BCG Matrix suggests that the FedEx Express and Ground are the stars for the company, where the Express will soon be the cash cow. After analyzing the existing strategies , a number of strategic options are proposed, evaluated and ranked. Then a combination of three strategic options is recommended, i.e. cost reduction, market development and bundling pricing strategies. These are recommended to lower the costs, increase revenues, higher ROCE, and also to compete with the rivals by lowering the prices and enhancing market share. The strategy implementation issues and risks associated with these strategies are also identified, such as disapproval from top management, labor union pressures, and business disruption. The Gantt chart is presented with every activity defining and the risk management strategies in implementation are also suggested for FedEx. With increasing competition and dynamic business environment, it has become quite challenging for the organizations to survive in this new environment. In such situation, the companies are using strategic management tools for analyzing their environment and competitive position in the market, so that they can develop and

Reflective Essay Essay Example for Free

Reflective Essay Essay This essay aims to critically review my strengths and weaknesses as a self-regulated learner, in relation to key skills which demonstrate my ability to use reflective practice. Also, the essay will identify and implement the learning skills required to complete the modules in Year 2 of the programme. It will produce and make use of individual learning plans that reflect how I could improve upon my interpersonal skills and implement a personal development plan. Furthermore, a demonstration of application of key skills together with learning and interpersonal skills in a variety of settings will be made. The framework this reflective essay will follow has been adapted from the work of Borton (1970) Reach, Teach and Touch; along with Boud et al (1985) Turning Experience into Learning. A reflective essay is a piece of writing that basically involves your views and feelings about a particular subject. The goal of a reflective essay is to not only discuss what you learned, but to convey the personal experiences and findings that have resulted, Spinello (2012). However in order to critically evaluate and reflect the individual, must become a self-regulated learner. Students who are self-regulated learners collaborate with other students in exchanging ideas, eliciting assistance when needed, and providing support to their peers. They see the connection between their efforts and learning success, Trejos (2010). Zimmerman (2000) points out that, self-regulation is not a mental ability or an academic performance skill; rather it is the self-directive process by which learners transform their mental abilities into academic skills. These learners will monitor their behaviors in terms of their goals and self-reflect in order to increase their effectiveness. Self-regulation is important because a major function of education is the development of life-long learning skills, Zimmerman (2002, p. 66). In relation to the following key skills of, communication, numeracy, use of information technology, learning to learn and working with others, I have been able to identify my strengths and weaknesses. One of the areas in which I considered to be competent in was written communication, as I could  express myself more openly and creatively, this has been evident by the use blackboard discussions, emails and academic writing. Linked to this, my IT skills are also one of my biggest strengths, as I am able to utilize these skills to support and further develop communication, interpersonal and academic skills. My empathetic listening skill enables me to gain mutual understanding and supports me to work with others, where new knowledge and experience can be exchanged, which contribute to my ongoing learning. On the other hand, the identified areas that I need improvement in are my confidence in verbal communication, although one to one communication is not a problem, but communicating and presenting to larger groups is where I feel nervous. Building up confidence in this area is vital, as it is a key component of nursing practice, to ensure effective communication between patients, team members and multidisciplinary teams. From year one of the nursing programme to year two; I have seen an improvement in my general math’s skill, however I required further practice in this area, which will supported me to pass my drugs calculation exam for year 2. Additionally, exam preparation and revision techniques were another area which I needed to work on, as a result it facilitated towards preparing me for module 6 – immediate and continuing care examination. Last but not least, my academic writing skills which also required to be developed so that I would be able to produce work at level 5 standard, for additional module two – examining health and social care needs of vulnerable adults and module five understanding evidence-based nursing. Once I identified my strengths and weaknesses, I was able to set three goals for the academic year and produce an action plan for each goal, which was implemented in a personal development plan. A personal development plan is described as â€Å"a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance and/or achievement and to plan for their personal, educational and career development†, (LMU, 2001). The three chosen goals for year 2 of my nursing programme were specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timely (S.M. A. R. T). Goal one, was set out to help me become competent in critically appraising evidence and literature, which supports the learning skills of being able to produce academic work at level 5 standards. This goal required gaining understanding and knowledge of critical appraisal, as well as thoroughly comprehending the elements of critical appraisal and correctly identifying and using tool, frameworks and guidelines to critically appraise evidence and literature. The significance of achieving this goal was to help me complete year 2 modules of understanding evidence-based nursing and examining health and social care needs of vulnerable adults and achieving an overall good grade in both modules. What I generally thought was, for the understanding evidence based nursing essay I did not perform well with my critical appraisal, as most of my time was spent on formulating a PICO question and did not have sufficient time to write a powerful essay. However results showed that I gained an overall 55% mark, and comments that were given by the moderator were as follows ‘Critical appraisal You have identified the framework and the article for critical appraisal. In this part you have detailed the research process as reported in the article; although you have attempted to analyse the research validity and reliability but they should have been further developed. You should have critically analysed the quantitative research rigor validity, reliability and generalisability of the study findings supported with relevant literature’. So the importance of having constructive feedback is to make sure that I know which areas that I am potent in and which areas that I need to improve for the next essay, in order for me to critically appraise more coherently. As a result of this, for my examining health and social care needs of vulnerable adults module essay; which also involved critically appraising three research articles, I received an overall mark of 66%. The moderator’s comments for analysis and synthesis were that ‘You have made a good critique of the limitations of the studies. ’ And the quality of expression was indicated as ‘generally good. ’ Now I feel more confident in my critical appraisal skills, I believe with further practice I will be able to appraise articles and gain higher marks to help me progress on to year three. Goal two was aimed at preparing and passing module 6 – immediate and continuing care unseen examination, based on three patient journeys of diabetes, coronary heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis. This goal was linked to learning skills of exam preparation and revision techniques. The  steps that were taken in achieving this goal were to create a revision timetable to manage time; to use different revision and rehearsal techniques i. e. flow charts, mind-maps, revision cards, rehearsing exam papers in timed condition and having a study buddy. Combined with this, whilst reading literature and gathering information, I collected relevant references to create a reference list for the examination. What I thought was the daunting part of this goal was practicing exam papers in timed condition, as three hours seemed like a long time. What was interesting is that once I had all the suitable materials and information and began to do a timed essay, three hours seemed shorter than expected; with continuous practice this helped me to pick up my writing speed and also managing time per essay. With the use of mind maps and flow charts I was able to access information quick and easy, rather than going back to textbooks and online resources. Having prepared in this way prior to the exam made me feel confident and relaxed and I was able to manage my time efficiently. So the significance of preparing ahead is that it helps me to become proactive; managing time helps me to prioritise what is important and what needs to be attended in sequence. And using relevant resources is essential for learning success and achievement. Now I feel that I have generally performed well in my exam, as much of what I revised came up and I was prepared. Although time felt like an issue, I was able to use my time productively and efficiently. What I think I could improve for next time, is begin planning and revision sooner and rehearse more timed essay as practice makes perfect. Additionally, what I have learnt throughout this module I will be able to apply to clinical practice, and as an individual be prepared and have the ability to act accordingly when foreseen and unforeseen circumstances arise. Goal three demonstrates my ability to use my existing general maths skills with further practise, to pass drugs calculation examination for year 2. For this goal, the steps that were taken in order to achieve the goals were to use Authentic World (SafeMedicate) to revise for the exam, to do online mock exams in timed condition, and revise on general maths skills. What I didn’t realise was that the drugs examination was compulsory for every year throughout the nursing degree programme. However, as I had already passed my year one drugs calculation exam with full marks of 90/90, I didn’t find year two to be too difficult as it was on three areas from the previous year of tablets capsules, liquid medication and Injections. I found that accessing authentic world and revising the areas and completing the mock exams were easily within the comfort of home. I was able to revise where I wanted and when I wanted, support was available from other maths revision sites. So after revising the key areas and doing timed questions, I felt confident in sitting the actual exam. I completed the exam within the time limit, reviewed my questions and answer and received my final mark of 90/90 on first attempt, which I was very pleased with. Now that I have achieved full marks on my first attempt I am able use this knowledge of drug management to aid my drugs administrative skills whilst on second year placement. What I will aim to do for year three drugs calculation exam is to refresh and revise over previous areas, and also read ahead on the additional section that will be added to year three exam. On achievement of these three developmental goal, I have been able to make connection between the learning and interpersonal skills to a variety of settings. From goal one I understand being able to critically appraise in nursing practice means that patients can benefit from the best possible outcome with backup from reliable and valid researches that have been carried out. Thus, as a healthcare professional I am able to gain knowledge to ensure and/or provide effective and dynamic care. From goal two of understanding long-term illness of coronary heart disease, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis from journeys of simulation patients. I have been able to prepare myself to have knowledge and have the ability to cooperate in a situation where I will work with real patients with these types of conditions. Long-term illnesses and conditions affects vast majority of the population and therefore keeping knowledge update is an essential way to promote health and provide information to others. With support from goal three of safely calculating drug dosages for supporting drug administrative skills, is essential part of nurse training. To ensure that the right patients receive the right dose of the right medication, at the right time, through the right route, as drug errors can be fatal to the outcomes of the patient. In conclusion, this module has helped me to develop from being an independent learner to a self-regulated learner. Where I am able to identify my strengths and weaknesses in relations to key skills; and critique my competency and incompetency towards creating goals, and reflect upon the process in achieving these goals. Overall for year two of this programme I have achieved my set goals, and I have developed the ability to use key skills along with learning and interpersonal skills in providing best judgement in different settings. References: Borton, T (1970) Reach, Teach and Touch. McGraw Hill, London Boud D, Keogh R Walker D. (1985) Reflection: Turning Experience into Learning. Kogan Page, London. London Metropolitan University (LMU) (2001) Personal development planning (Online) available at: www. londonmet. ac. uk/library/z62053_24. doc. [Accessed last: 11 January 2012] Spinello, S. (2012) what is a reflective essay? (Online) available at: http://www. ehow. com/about_4576779_reflective-essay-paper_. html. [Accessed: 09 February 2012] Trejos, C. M. A. (2008) Using journals for learners’ reflection and self-assessment. The internet TESL journal. 14 (10). (Online) available at: http://iteslj. org/Techniques/Arciniegas-LearnersJournals. html. [Accessed last: 10 February 2012] Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attainment of self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, M. Zeidner (Eds. ), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13-39). San Diego, CA: AcademicPress. Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: an overview. Theory into practice, 41 (2), p. 64-70.